FYI.
JBK
Begin forwarded message:
From: Bill Bishop <bbish(a)austin.rr.com>
Date: August 30, 2013, 9:32:27 AM CDT
To: Oliver Bernstein <oliver.bernstein(a)gmail.com>
Subject: tumbling
Longview Power, MEPCO file for bankruptcyAugust 30, 2013 by Ken Ward
Jr.
( http://blogs.wvgazette.com/coaltattoo/files/2013/08/longview.jpg )
Here’s today’s news from Longview Power and MEPCO:
Longview Power, LLC today announced that it and certain of its
affiliates, including Mepco Holdings, LLC and its affiliates, commenced
Chapter 11 proceedings in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the
District of Delaware. Both Longview and Mepco intend to operate their
businesses as they continue to negotiate a chapter 11 plan with their
lenders to de-risk their balance sheet.
Longview ( http://www.longviewpower.com/ ), of course, operates a
fairly new coal-fired power plant outside of Morgantown. And MEPCO’s CEO
is James Laurita Jr., the chairman of the West Virginia Coal
Association. There’s more background here (
http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/19/idUSWNA950020120619 ).
Here’s the rest of their press release:
When able to operate at full capacity, Longview’s 700 megawatt
supercritical coal fired power generation facility is one of the most
efficient coal-fired power plants in the country and has one of the
lowest air emissions profiles of any such power plant. Construction
failures and defects have prevented the power plant from operating
reliably at its designed capacity. Longview’s Mepco affiliate and its
predecessors have engaged in coal mining and processing operations in
and around West Virginia for more than 50 years. Currently, Mepco owns
or operates three active underground coal mines and one active surface
mine located in northern West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania.
“After careful consideration of available alternatives, the Company
determined that filing for Chapter 11 was a necessary and prudent step
that allows us to strengthen and operate our businesses without
interruption while continuing to restructure the Company’s balance
sheet,” said Jeffery Keffer, CEO of Longview Power. “The Company has
been in consensual negotiations with our senior lenders toward a Chapter
11 plan to maximize value; those negotiations remain ongoing. We remain
confident that the Company and our lenders will reach an agreement on
the terms of a Chapter 11 plan in the near term.”
“I want to make clear that we will continue to conduct business as
usual and our operations and employees will not be affected by the
Chapter 11 filing,” Jim Laurita, Jr., CEO of Mepco added. “We will
continue to provide our customers with the level of service they have
come to expect from this great company and its employees. This is the
best option the Company has to negotiate its balance sheet with the
Company’s lenders.”
The Company has filed customary, so-called “first day” motions to
ensure the Company obtains the benefits of the Chapter 11 filing and
continues to operate its business in the ordinary course and without
interruption. The Company expects that these motions will be heard by
the Court immediately after Labor Day and will continue to operate in
the ordinary course in the meantime. Employees should expect that all
payroll and benefits will continue as they have without interruption.
The Company has engaged Lazard as its investment banker and Alvarez &
Marsal North America, LLC as its restructuring advisor. The Company is
represented by Kirkland & Ellis LLP, as primary restructuring counsel,
and Dentons US LLP for all issues related to Longview’s pending
arbitration proceedings.
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Bill Bishop
1415 Alameda Dr.
Austin, TX 78704
512.428.9067 ( tel:512.428.9067 )
512.636.9057 ( tel:512.636.9057 ) mobile
www.dailyyonder.com
--
Eitan Bencuya
National Communications Strategist
Sierra Club
202-495-3047 ( tel:202-495-3047 ) o
415-255-5521 ( tel:415-255-5521 ) m
eitan.bencuya(a)sierraclub.org
--
Kim Teplitzky
Deputy Press Secretary, Northeast & Mid-Atlantic
Sierra Club Beyond Coal Campaign
Pittsburgh, Pa
412-802-6161 (o)
267-307-4707 (c)
skype: kim.teplitzky
@kim_t
I have been saying this for a year, now it looks like experts are saying
it too.
JBK
---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Edward Mainland <emainland(a)comcast.net>
Date: Sat, Aug 24, 2013 at 6:27 PM
Subject: [GW-ACT-LEADERS] Background: How Solar and EVs Will Kill the
Last of the Industry Dinosaurs
To: CONS-SPST-GLOBALWARM-CHAIRS(a)lists.sierraclub.org
How solar and EVs will kill the last of the industry dinosaurs (
http://reneweconomy.com.au/2013/how-solar-and-evs-will-kill-last-of-industr…
)
By Giles Parkinson August 23, 2013
>From ReNewEconomy
Several years ago, Tony Seba, an energy expert from Stanford
University, published a book called Solar Trillions, predicting how
solar technologies would redefine the world’s energy markets and create
an investment opportunity worth tens of trillions of dollars.
Most people looked at him, he says, as if he had three heads. That was
possibly because the book was written before the recent plunge in the
cost of solar modules had taken effect, and before most incumbent
utilities had woken up to the fact that solar – even with minor
penetration levels – was turning their business models upside down.
Seba is now working on a new book, with even more dramatic forecasts
than his first. His new prediction is that by 2030, solar will make the
fossil fuel industry more or less redundant. Even more striking is his
forecast that electric vehicles will do the same thing to the oil
industry by around the same date.
The predictions are made on the basis that the cost of solar and EV
batteries will continue to fall, while the cost to consumers of sourcing
energy from fossil fuels through the grid or liquid fuels will continue
to rise. Before the decade is out, Seba says, both technologies will
pass a tipping point that will eventually sweep the incumbents aside,
just as technology and cost developments have done in the computer,
internet, media, photographic and telecommunications industries.
“I am incredibly optimistic that by 2030, nuclear, coal, gas, big
hydro, and oil will be all but obsolete,” Seba told RenewEconomy in an
interview in San Francisco last month. “The world will be mostly powered
by solar and wind, and most new vehicles will be electric. The
architecture of energy markets is going from centralized to distributed –
in liquids and the electric market.”
The working title for the book is “Disrupting energy – how Silicon
Valley is making coal, nuclear, oil and gas obsolete.” It is pinned on
the theme that decentralised generation and storage will replace the
centralised, hub and spoke model that has prevailed for the last
century. The impact of decentralised generation is already being felt.
The striking part of Seba’s prediction is the speed with which it will
happen.
First, on the technology cost issue. For EVs, Seba says the success of
Tesla – in sales and in reputation – has changed the conversation around
EVs, particularly after it won the 2013 Car of the Year award.
“Basically, EVs were supposed to be expensive and underpowered and weak
and 50 years away. Tesla showed all that was wrong. The EV will do to
oil what solar will do to coal, nuclear and gas. EVs are a disruptive
technology, there is no doubt about that.
“The propaganda says that it is too expensive and has little range. But
if you look at the cost curve of batteries, even Detroit is saying that
by 2020 lithium-ion batteries will be at $US200/kWh.
“The tipping point for the mass market to move from internal combustion
engines to EVs is between $US250 and $US300/kWh. Once it gets to
$US100/kWh, it is all over. I think we will get to $US250/kWh by 2020.
By 2030, when batteries are at $100/kWh, gasoline vehicles will be
obsolete. Not on their way out, obsolete.” Seba thinks that mass
migration will start around 2018 to 2020.
On solar it is a similar story. “When I wrote my first book, a lot of
people looked at me like I had three heads,” Seba says. “They thought I
was way too optimistic because the conversation then was about grid
parity for solar in 2060, or 2070.
“And what you hear is the same thing we heard 20 years ago, that this
is not going to happen, that it is difficult, that power needs
specialised scale, that it can only be done like this. When in fact,
over the last few years, a country like Germany has pioneered the move
from a few dozen central power plants to more than a million producers.
“Australia has done the same thing. Bangladesh has a million solar
installations. So the poorest people in one of the poorest countries are
adopting solar unsubsidised. Solar is already cheaper than grid – what
people are paying for electricity – in dozens of countries already. And
that is despite huge fossil fuel subsidies.
“The sun is more democratic than any other source of energy. Coal is in
pockets, gas is in pockets, oil is in pockets. The sun shines a little
bit more in some places than others, but everyone gets sunshine. And the
thing about solar, is that it can be built on a distributed basis.”
Can solar really be built on a scale that would meet the bulk of the
world’s electricity needs? Seba points to the computer industry, where
he worked in the 1990s, and to the internet and telecommunications. All
three were dominated by huge, centralised technologies. All three
industries have been turned upside down by new “distributed”, or
hand-held devices. He says the same thing will happen in electricity.
“This is not in the future. We are going from big centralised power
plants to decentralised generation, to decentralised storage, and to
decentralised distribution.
“It is just a matter of policy makers understanding this and making
regulations appropriately. In India, about $30-40 billion goes to
subsidise diesel. The grid there is already obsolete. It went down and
500 million people didn’t notice, because they are not on the grid.
“If they stop subsidising diesel and put it into solar, they could
bring 100 million people a year into solar. If all you do is stop
subsidising diesel, you can, in five years, bring solar electricity to
500 million people who are not on the grid today.
The biggest threat from all this radical change is to the traditional
utility model, Seba says. “Utilities as we know them are over. They are
the land line telephone companies of 20, 30 years ago. We will start
using them as back-up, as world goes distributed and every house has
solar, and factories do the same, and they are stuck with these stranded
investments.
“What they will try to do is to keep jacking up prices – which makes
solar even more affordable. It will be this death spiral. You will see
bankruptcies. Finally, it will not make sense.
He says markets will be redesigned, and there will be huge
opportunities for new companies – he dubs them the Ebays of the
electricity world – that can aggregate and trade distributed production,
and that can manage the process.
“You will need a market, but instead of assuming 10 or 100 producers,
you will need market that assumes million or tens of millions of power
producers. So you will need some companies that can do that. Markets
will get interesting – storing, trading etc. there will be huge
opportunities for innovative companies.
“And then you need to know how to manage energy without thinking about
it. Most of us don’t know enough. We don’t know enough about cars. Why
ask same of consumers for electricity.
“So companies will do that – they will do that better than utilities
do. The Nests, the Apples, Googles, Sungevity, and Suncity, are getting
into the home, and getting trust of consumer.
“Most consumers don’t trust utilities, but utilities don’t understand
this, because they treat consumers like ratepayers. When you buy a car,
or a shirt you are treated well. But in the electricity industry, you
are not.
“The big conversation is about solar panels, and storage and EVs, but
that is just beginning of the conversation. We have so many other
technologies that will change the way electricity is traded, used,
stored. Utilities have no idea about that.”
So, what could possibly go wrong? Well, policy will be critical, and
right now the conservative right is lined up against renewable and
disruptive technologies, and firmly on the side of the incumbents.
Seba doesn’t understand why. “In ideological terms, there is no more
libertarian energy source than solar. Why do libertarians, at least in
the US, align themselves with conservative parties?
“Why are they supporting coal and big refineries and power generation?
Ideologically it makes no sense. Part of what is going on is an
information war. $8 trillion can buy you a lot of information, and can
help you spread a lot of misinformation. “
__._,_.___
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Is anyone interested in organizing something? I'm available!
JBK
>>> Bill Price <bill.price(a)sierraclub.org> 8/28/2013 3:00 PM >>>
Jim, See below. Maybe some activists can show up.
Bill Price, Organizing Representative
>>>>>
>From Senator Manchin’s office:
August 27, 2013
Contact: Jonathan Kott
202-228-1810 ( tel:202-228-1810 )
MANCHIN TO CHAIR CONGRESSIONAL FIELD HEARING ON THE FUTURE OF THE COAL
INDUSTRY
Washington, D.C. – U.S. Senator Joe Manchin (D-W.Va.) will host a
Congressional field hearing in Morgantown, WV to examine the current
state of coal-generated electricity in U.S. power markets and the
challenges and opportunities the coal industry faces in the future.
Senator Manchin serves as Chairman of the Subcommittee on Public Lands,
Forests, and Mining of the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural
Resources.
A list of witnesses will be available later in the week.
Senator Manchin will be available before the hearing to speak with
members of the media.
WEDNESDAY, September 4
Participate in Press Opportunity before the Energy Field Hearing
When: 9 a.m. to 9:30 a.m.
Where: West Virginia University’s Erickson Alumni Center, Kennedy Club
Room (Room 102), One Alumni Drive, Morgantown.
What: Senator Manchin will deliver remarks and take questions from the
media regarding energy policy during this press opportunity.
PLEASE NOTE: Members of the media who wish to cover this event, must
RSVP to Deputy State Director Sara Payne Scarbro at
sara_payne(a)manchin.senate.gov. Email Subject Line: FIELD HEARING.
Will Host ENR Subcommittee on Public Lands, Forests, and Mining Public
Field Hearing
_______________________________________________
CCC.justice mailing list
CCC.justice(a)lists.citizenscoalcouncil.org
http://lists.citizenscoalcouncil.org/listinfo.cgi/ccc.justice-citizenscoalc…
--
Debbie Jarrell
Co-Director
Coal River Mountain Watch
The outcome is the action as well as inaction of us all.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=SLu4FyUQjsQ
New tech to trace fracking fluid could mean more accountability
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- Comments (4)<http://www.hcn.org/blogs/goat/fracking-technology-oil-and-gas-drilling-regu…>
Tay Wiles<http://www.hcn.org/@@search?portal_type%3Alist=Blog+Post&Creator=taywiles@h…>
|
Aug 22, 2013 02:55 PM
<http://www.hcn.org/@@search?portal_type%3Alist=Blog+Post&Creator=taywiles@h…>
As the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency comes under fire for abandoning
studies that linked contaminated water to hydraulic fracturing, and oil and
gas companies consider how to fix their public image
around<http://www.hcn.org/blogs/goat/can-the-oil-and-gas-industry-fix-its-public-i…>
the
issue, states<http://www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite/GovHickenlooper/CBON/1251611065764>
are
trying to figure out how much transparency to demand from the industry.
Meanwhile, researchers are racing to find the most effective tracer to mix
with fracking fluid that could dramatically change how the industry works.
This fall, a company founded by scientists from Rice University in Houston
will conduct a field test of a tracer made with what chemistry and
materials science professor Andrew Barron believes is the key ingredient to
success: nano rust. Barron and other researchers hope this tracer will
settle once and for all whether oil and gas companies are damaging drinking
water, and, in the event of contamination, allow communities to determine
who – or what – is at fault.
[image: pavilion.jpg] <http://www.hcn.org/blogs/goat/images-2/pavilion.jpg>A
hydraulic fracturing site near Platteville, Colorado.
“People (with contaminated wells) usually say (I know it was fracking)
‘because I’ve got methane in my water,’” Barron said. “(But) it’s difficult
to discern whether it’s from one source or another.” With new tracer
technology to help narrow it down, “It may turn out it was Halliburton that
contaminated your water, and in another case, it may turn out it’s the
municipal dump that’s dumping into a stream that has ground water close to
it.”
For their field test, Barron’s company will mix nano rust particles into at
least two million gallons of fracking fluid before pumping it into the
ground for hydraulic fracturing <http://www2.epa.gov/hydraulicfracturing> (a
process that uses pressurized water, sand and
chemicals<http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Hyd…>
to
break up rock and release gas underground). Texas-based Southwestern Energy
will host the testing at one of their wells and has also funded some of
Barron’s tracer research. When asked if that’s a conflict of interest,
Barron asks where else he might be able to test his technology in the
field. “It’s not going to be the EPA (to fund us). And I haven’t noticed
Matt Damon giving me a research check recently,” he jests, referring to the
actor-screenwriter whose so-so 2012 film*Promised Land* made Damon a
target<http://www.politico.com/story/2013/01/matt-damon-called-liar-by-pro-frackin…>
for
industry criticism. Barron, and FracEnsure, anticipate they may publish
results from the field test in a Society of Petroleum
Engineers<http://www.spe.org/unitedstates/>
journal.
Tracers that can already be used in fracking fluid today usually either
dilute too quickly or rely on radioactive material, which isn’t a great way
to test for contaminated water without contaminating it in the process.
Barron says his nano rust solution is harmless, detectable at low
concentrations and also lasts at least several weeks, and possibly more,
making it easier to detect a slow-moving problem.
Depending on the results, Barron hopes to have the nano rust tracer on the
market within a year. He and his colleagues launched a company in 2011,
FracEnsure, to use the nano rust product to provide a service for
companies, state governments or individuals, in which they test water for
contamination upon request. As far as costs go, that will depend on the
market. “It’s not the dollar amount; it’s what percentage of the total cost
of the well it is. We’re aiming that (the price for our tracer) should be
far less than 10 percent of (the cost of) the chemicals" that the drilling
company is already using.
A second tracer company, BaceTrace, which popped up last year, is
FracEnsure’s biggest competition so far. BaceTrace began as a research
project out of Duke University, with grant money from the school, and also
hopes to complete a field test before the end of the year. When CEO Justine
Chow combined her biology undergraduate work with her curiosity to find a
fracking fluid tracer during her graduate work, she came up with what she
says may be the perfect solution: artificial deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.
Just a thimbleful amount is needed for 7 million gallons, or 11
Olympic-sized swimming pools, of fracking fluid.
BaceTrace Chief Technology Officer Jake Rudulph holds a small amount of DNA
tracer. Photo by Jake Rudulph.
Each tracer is a unique sequence, and each well will be assigned its own
tracer, which allows a precise accounting of where the contamination came
from. If a tracer assigned to well A shows up in an aquifer, that’s
evidence that that well or a fracture in the rock linked to it is connected
to that aquifer. If multiple DNA-based tracers come up in one sample of
flowback water, or one aquifer, that means there’s an underground
connection in the fractures between the wells in which the injection fluid
for each gets mixed.
“It would be interesting for the company to know that,” Chow says. “They’d
probably be more productive if they didn’t spread fractures out so far.”
The Duke team has already had several oil and gas companies express
interest in the DNA tracer when it’s available. This interest raises the
question: If these tracers have the potential to show that a project is
contaminating a community’s drinking water, then why are these companies
chomping at the bit to try it out?
“This technology is another way for our industry to add a level of
transparency to what we do and gain the public’s trust,” Christina Fowler,
a spokesperson for Southwestern Energy writes in an email. Where lawsuits
arise over contamination, the tracers will help plaintiffs support claims
that their water has in fact been contaminated by local oil and gas
development as opposed to other causes, and on the flip side, would help
defendants – which Southwestern has been in the
past<http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/15/new-lawsuit-filed-in-fracking-cou…>
on
this issue – prove they’re not the source of the pollution, Fowler says.
In line with improving public trust, the new technology could help
regulators sidestep trying to require companies togive away the specific
ingredients<http://stateimpact.npr.org/texas/2013/03/21/legislation-would-have-fracking…>
in
their fracking fluid, which the industry often regards as proprietary
information. There’s a chance company leaders may be more willing to let an
outside party trace their fluid than they are to give away their specific
formula for fracking fluid. Yet whether these new technologies will
ultimately be useful in holding the oil and gas industry to a higher
standard of accountability hinges on whether tracer tests have adequate
safeguards to ensure companies do not manipulate results.
Both FracEnsure and BaceTrace are working out the kinks and considering
applications outside the oil and gas industry. It takes a couple of days to
test water samples in a lab to determine whether they contain a tracer,
Chow says; she’s hoping to develop the technology to be instantaneously
detectable in the field. And water management and the agriculture industry
might also benefit from a reliable tracer technology, in order to better
understand how various water sources interact underground.
“If the general public and the states have the information, then you can
make a decision,” about whether to continue or begin drilling in certain
locations, Barron said. “Irrespective of which direction you come from, the
information is important.”
*Tay Wiles is the online editor of *High Country News. *Follow her on
Twitter @taywiles. Platteville, Colorado photo from Mark Udall Flickr.*
--
Paul Wilson
Sierra Club
504 Jefferson Ave
Charles Town, WV 25414-1130
Phone: 304-725-4360
Cell: 304-279-1361
"There is no forward until you have gone back" ~Buddha
"In all things of nature there is something of the marvelous" ~ Aristotle
not sure how this might relate to WV fracking.....
---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Edward M Dobson <edobson(a)iglide.net>
Date: Fri, Aug 23, 2013 at 9:09 PM
Subject: more on frack win
To: CONS-AWL-RESILIENT-HABITATS(a)lists.sierraclub.org
*Excerpt: *
* *
*“[Winning bidder company] **currently holds no legal interest in the
properties.” *
**
*Interesting setback for industry. Tim DeChristopher must be talking to
his publisher.*
**
* - Ed*
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unsubscribe from the CONS-AWL-RESILIENT-HABITATS list, send any message to:
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our Listserv Lists support site for more information:
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--
Paul Wilson
Sierra Club
504 Jefferson Ave
Charles Town, WV 25414-1130
Phone: 304-725-4360
Cell: 304-279-1361
"There is no forward until you have gone back" ~Buddha
"In all things of nature there is something of the marvelous" ~ Aristotle
fyi, looks like it might be helpful for the Fracking folks and should be
linked on the WV-fracking website. best, paul
---------- Forwarded message ----------
Date: Wed, Aug 21, 2013 at 8:13 AM
Subject: Fwd: Lead Debate vs. Fracking Debate
Remember when the oil industry was forced to phase out leaded gasoline?
Until that time in the early-1970s, oil companies spent decades denying
that lead was harmful and attacked the researcher who probed it to be a
harmful neurotoxin.
Sound familiar?
See this terrific piece in The Guardian:
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/aug/19/fracking-debate-lead-pet…
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unsubscribe from the CONS-WPST-COASTOCEAN-FORUM list, send any message to:
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our Listserv Lists support site for more information:
http://www.sierraclub.org/lists/faq.asp To view the Sierra Club List Terms
& Conditions, see: http://www.sierraclub.org/lists/terms.asp
--
Paul Wilson
Sierra Club
504 Jefferson Ave
Charles Town, WV 25414-1130
Phone: 304-725-4360
Cell: 304-279-1361
"There is no forward until you have gone back" ~Buddha
"In all things of nature there is something of the marvelous" ~ Aristotle
How shale fracking led to an Ohio town's first 100
earthquakes<http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_environment/~3/WDM…>
Posted: 19 Aug 2013 07:27 AM PDT
Since records began in 1776, the people of Youngstown, Ohio had never
experienced an earthquake. However, from January 2011, 109 tremors were
recorded and new research reveals how this may be the result of shale
fracking.
--
Paul Wilson
Sierra Club
504 Jefferson Ave
Charles Town, WV 25414-1130
Phone: 304-725-4360
Cell: 304-279-1361
"There is no forward until you have gone back" ~Buddha
"In all things of nature there is something of the marvelous" ~ Aristotle
----- Original Message -----
From: dsborowiec(a)aol.com
To: dsborowiec(a)aol.com
Sent: Sunday, August 18, 2013 12:58 PM
Subject: Comedy Central's Stephen Colbert Report: Hallowich family story about fracking makes national news
If you have not seen this, it is worth a look. If you have, pass it on. JBK
----- Original Message -----
From: dsborowiec(a)aol.com
To: dsborowiec(a)aol.com
Sent: Sunday, August 18, 2013 12:58 PM
Subject: Comedy Central's Stephen Colbert Report: Hallowich family story about fracking makes national news
Hyperlink below is a wonderful and hilarious blasting of Range Resources, and support for the Hallowich family ordeal, on the Colbert Report. If you have not seen this, prepare to laugh as Stephen Colbert makes fun of fracking and Range Resources. Using humor to show what a bully Range Resources is to local residents who oppose them.
http://m.comedycentral.com/colbertnation_video.rbml?id=the-word---gag-gift&…
----- Original Message -----
From: dsborowiec(a)aol.com
To: dsborowiec(a)aol.com
Sent: Sunday, August 18, 2013 1:29 PM
Subject: use THIS link for the Colbert Report on the fracking "Gag Gift" - Hallowich gag order settlement
sorry, the other link isn't working properly today..
this one loads correctly....
http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/428642/august-15-201…
Here are some economics on the "Social Cost of Carbon" which is what the emissions of carbon dioxide actually cost us. As explained in the link below, EPA already uses these numbers as part of their estimates of the costs and benefits of various energy regulations. (Would WV ever consider doing so?)
Also, the "cost" is not a specific number, but one that varies largely depending on two factors: 1) the year in which emissions occur; and 2) the "discount rate" (roughly analogous to the interest rate or rate of inflation predicted to occur in the future, i.e., the future value of a dollar). EPA uses a range of rates to provide a range of predicted values for the benefits of damages avoided for a given amount of carbon emissions reductions.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/EPAactivities/economics/scc.html
The Union of Concerned Scientists has a recent editorial explaining some of the rationale and issues regarding the recent update to the SCC.
http://blog.ucsusa.org/the-social-cost-of-carbon-setting-the-record-straigh…
Compared to the values used by AEP and FE during the power plant transfer cases, these values from EPA are much higher.
Enjoy.
JBK