EC July 2012

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NYTimes.com: Dot Earth: University of Texas Will Review Gas Study After Conflict Questions Raised
by william.depaulo＠gmail.com 31 Jul '12

31 Jul '12

This page was sent to you by: william.depaulo(a)gmail.com. Dot Earth: University of Texas Will Review Gas Study After Conflict Questions Raised http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/24/university-of-texas-will-revie… ---------------------------------------------------------- ABOUT THIS E-MAIL This e-mail was sent to you by a friend through NYTimes.com's E-mail This Article service. For general information about NYTimes.com, write to help(a)nytimes.com. NYTimes.com 620 Eighth Avenue New York, NY 10018 Copyright 2012 The New York Times Company

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from ScienceDaily e-newsletter: One in five streams damaged by mine pollution in southern West Virginia
by Paul Wilson 31 Jul '12

31 Jul '12

One in five streams damaged by mine pollution in southern West Virginia<http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_environment/~3/86w…> Posted: 30 Jul 2012 12:50 PM PDT Water pollution from surface coal mining has degraded more than 22 percent of streams and rivers in southern West Virginia to the point they may now qualify as impaired under state criteria, according to a new study. -- Paul Wilson Sierra Club 504 Jefferson Ave Charles Town, WV 25414-1130 Phone: 304-725-4360 Cell: 304-279-1361 "There is no forward until you have gone back" ~Buddha "In all things of nature there is something of the marvelous" ~ Aristotle

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Fwd: WVNS story: With Coal Down, Future Fund Idea Draws More Attention
by Paul Wilson 23 Jul '12

23 Jul '12

fyi, paul w. ---------- Forwarded message ---------- From: Public News Service <wvns(a)newsservice.org> Date: Mon, Jul 23, 2012 at 3:17 AM Subject: WVNS story: With Coal Down, Future Fund Idea Draws More Attention To: PaulWilson <pjgrunt(a)gmail.com> With Coal Down, Future Fund Idea Draws More Attention Dan Heyman, Public News Service-WV http://www.publicnewsservice.org/index.php?/content/article/27552-1 Join the discussion: facebook.com/PublicNewsService<http://www.facebook.com/PublicNewsService> Twitter: @pns_news <http://twitter.com/#!/pns_news> @pns_WV<http://twitter.com/#!/pns_WV> Google+: plus.to/publicnewsservice <http://plus.google.com/106260479325451709866> (07/23/12) CHARLESTON, W.Va. - With Appalachian coal production down, more policymakers are looking at setting aside a portion of severance taxes in a future fund to help coalfield communities adjust. Sen. Jay Rockefeller says the state urgently needs to diversify, and one good step is a future fund supported by severance taxes. Rockefeller wants to bring more manufacturing to southern West Virginia and says a future fund could help. Or, he says, it could research ways to make coal itself more viable. "The future can be manufacturing or the future can be clean coal. Not just alternative economic development, but it also could go to research on the technology which could make coal cleaner." Many coal seams in West Virginia are thinning out, and many utilities are replacing coal with cheap natural gas. According to a new report from the Central Appalachian Regional Network<http://www.carnnet.org>, states here could have tens of millions of dollars a year to invest in diversifying their economies if they set aside just 1 percent of severance tax revenues. Report co-author Roy Silver says the future fund should let the principal build up untouched, while states spend the interest. That way, he says, the states get the benefit of the natural resource, even after it's gone. "You draw down on the interest and the principal remains there, even beyond the time where, let's say, there's no coal being produced in an area." Silver, a professor of sociology at Southeast Kentucky Community & Technical College, says if West Virginia put 1 percent of severance tax revenue in the future fund, fairly quickly millions of dollars would be available for things like workforce retraining in communities hit by the low demand for coal. "By 2015, the end-of-year principal balance would be $358 million. You'd have an interest generated of $31 million." During the last session, the state legislature voted to study the future fund. More information about the report can be found at the CARN website, www.carnnet.org. Click here to view this story on the Public News Service RSS site and access an audio version of this and other stories: http://www.publicnewsservice.org/index.php?/content/article/27552-1<http://www.publicnewsservice.org/index.php?/content/article/27552-1> --- To be removed from this list please send an e-mail to remove(a)publicnewsservice.org <remove(a)publicnewsservice.org?subject=remove>and put the word "remove" in the subject line. -- Paul Wilson Sierra Club 504 Jefferson Ave Charles Town, WV 25414-1130 Phone: 304-725-4360 Cell: 304-279-1361 "There is no forward until you have gone back" ~Buddha "In all things of nature there is something of the marvelous" ~ Aristotle

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Fwd: Ban fracking in California
by Paul Wilson 22 Jul '12

22 Jul '12

fyi, paul ---------- Forwarded message ---------- From: David Dow <ddow420(a)comcast.net> Date: Sun, Jul 22, 2012 at 7:08 AM Subject: Fwd: Ban fracking in California fyi- an interesting policy decision on fracking by the Club's Board of Directors. I am not aware of any fracking programs in New England, but we certainly have members concerned about this issue (especially renewable energy activists) Begin forwarded message: ---------- Forwarded message ---------- From: Barbara Williams <barbwill(a)comcast.net> Date: Mon, Jul 2, 2012 at 8:55 PM Subject: Re: Ban fracking in California To: CONS-CNRCC-WATER-COMM(a)lists.sierraclub.org Patricia.....Just an FYI.....A board decision just came down and Sierra Club does NOT support statewide bans......here is the text of the decision.......Barb To: CCL Delegates, Chapter Leaders who responded to natural gas to Clean Energy Survey From: Allison Chin, President, and Dave Scott, Vice President of Board of Directors Re: Board decision on CCL resolution to allow chapters to support statewide bans on hydrofracking *This memo is to inform you that on June 21st the Board voted to reaffirm its standing 2011 energy resources policy on hydrofracking for natural gas and declined to amend it to allow individual chapters to be granted exemptions to advocate for statewide bans.* The vote was 8-3 with 2 abstentions, 1 absence, and the President not voting. Under existing policy chapters will continue to be allowed to call for statewide or local moratoria on fracking until strict safeguards are put in place. Chapters may also continue to call for site specific bans in environmentally sensitive areas and communities. What is not permitted is to advocate in the name of the Sierra Club for permanent bans on hydrofracking at the statewide level. The Board relied on a task force composed of staff and volunteers to gather detailed information from chapters on the pros and cons of statewide fracking bans and to examine the advisability and feasibility of adopting a Clean Energy Option . After reviewing the task force report the Board decided to stick with its national policy and not to allow chapters to vary from it. *Background* The Council of Club Leaders passed a resolution in September, 2011, asking the Board of Directors to authorize individual chapters to endorse statewide bans on hydrofracking. The Natural Gas Reform Campaign Leadership Team (now Beyond Natural Gas Leadership Team) prepared a memo listing pros and cons of allowing chapters to advocate for statewide bans. It made no recommendation. The Beyond Coal Campaign Leadership Team submitted comments arguing against granting authority to push for statewide bans. A team of staff drafted a compromise proposal suggesting that chapter requests for statewide bans should only be approved if the petitioning chapter was able to develop a plausible and aggressive plan that would reduce reliance on coal, nuclear, and natural gas by substituting clean energy alternatives: implementation of such a plan would prevent a state from needing to import more gas as a consequence of banning production within its own borders. The proposal also required a petitioning chapter to prove an ability to execute a campaign to get its plan adopted. This “Clean Energy Alternative” was not fleshed out and the practicality of its implementation was questioned by its authors, Executive Director Michael Brune, and the Board. Nevertheless, it held sufficient promise that the Board was not prepared to choose between either approving statewide bans or continuing the present policy of not allowing them without having a fuller understanding of the feasibility and advantages of the clean energy alternative. The following motion was adopted by the Board of Directors on January 19, 2012: MSC (Ela-Boldman) “In response to the CCL resolution regarding bans on natural gas fracturing, the Board directs the ExCom and the Executive Director to appoint a group to report back regarding the feasibility and desirability of adopting some form of the ’Clean Energy Option’, with the expectation that this could be done in about 90 days.” The Natural Gas to Clean Energy final report was completed in June. It included an extensive survey of the chapters representing the 33 states where fracking is taking place or is proposed. Chapters that expressed an interest in pursuing statewide bans include: Alabama, Delaware, Florida, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and Vermont. (7) Chapters that had no interest in pursuing bans include: California, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Nebraska, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah , and Wyoming. (12) Chapters that did not want to pursue a ban at this time, but might want to in the future include: Colorado, Indiana, Missouri, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. (8) Chapters that did not respond include: Arkansas, Iowa, Illinois, New Mexico, North Dakota and South Dakota. (6) A copy of the final report of the Natural Gas to Clean Energy Task Force is attached. If you have any questions do not hesitate to contact us or any Board member. On Jul 2, 2012, at 8:51 PM, Patricia Matejcek wrote: ---------- Forwarded message ---------- From: Aura Walker <moveon-help(a)list.moveon.org> Date: Mon, Jul 2, 2012 at 11:32 AM Subject: Ban fracking in California ** *Below is an email from Aura Walker, a MoveOn member in who created a petition on SignOn.org, the nonprofit site that allows anyone to start their own online petition. If you have concerns or feedback about this petition, click here<http://civic.moveon.org/signon_feedback/?id=45203-19912849-1Y9ZLJx&t=1> .* ------------------------------ Dear California MoveOn member, California should follow the sane example of Vermont and ban fracking. It is common sense. California is earthquake-prone. Fracking will exacerbate the risk of earthquakes as huge hydraulic drills will core deep into the earth, moving already loose tectonic plates. Additionally, poisonous gases will permanently pollute many precious aquifers, irreversibly poisoning our drinking water. * Click here to protect our land, waters, wetlands, ecosystems, and oceans by signing the petition to ban fracking in California. * <http://www.moveon.org/r?r=276844&id=45203-19912849-1Y9ZLJx&t=2> * <http://www.moveon.org/r?r=276844&id=45203-19912849-1Y9ZLJx&t=3>* I love Jerry Brown. Please sir, do not let us down. Ban fracking in California. Thanks! –Aura Walker *This petition was created on SignOn.org, the progressive, nonprofit petition site that will never sell your email address and will never promote a petition because someone paid us to. SignOn.org is sponsored by MoveOn Civic Action, which is not responsible for the contents of this or other petitions posted on the site.* *Want to support our work?* MoveOn Civic Action is entirely funded by our 7 million members—no corporate contributions, no big checks from CEOs. And our tiny staff ensures that small contributions go a long way. Chip in here.<https://civic.moveon.org/donatec4/creditcard.html?cpn_id=457&id=45203-19912…> ------------------------------ This email was sent to Patricia Matejcek on July 2, 2012. To change your email address or update your contact info, click here<http://moveon.org/subscrip/coa.html?id=45203-19912849-1Y9ZLJx>. To remove yourself from this list, click here<http://moveon.org/s?i=45203-19912849-1Y9ZLJx> . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - To unsubscribe from the CONS-CNRCC-WATER-COMM list, send any message to: CONS-CNRCC-WATER-COMM-signoff-request(a)LISTS.SIERRACLUB.ORG Check out our Listserv Lists support site for more information: http://www.sierraclub.org/lists/faq.asp - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - To unsubscribe from the CONS-CNRCC-WATER-COMM list, send any message to: CONS-CNRCC-WATER-COMM-signoff-request(a)LISTS.SIERRACLUB.ORG Check out our Listserv Lists support site for more information: http://www.sierraclub.org/lists/faq.asp -- Paul Wilson Sierra Club 504 Jefferson Ave Charles Town, WV 25414-1130 Phone: 304-725-4360 Cell: 304-279-1361 "There is no forward until you have gone back" ~Buddha "In all things of nature there is something of the marvelous" ~ Aristotle

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CFL bulbs
by Jim Sconyers 21 Jul '12

21 Jul '12

Lowe's and Walmart in Oakland (MD) have cheap CFLs subsidized by Potomac Edison. In Morgantown they do not. Difference : Maryland requires utility efficiency programs, West Virginia does not.

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Fwd: [ECOLOG-L] The Ecology of Natural Gas (ESA annual meeting press release)
by Paul Wilson 20 Jul '12

20 Jul '12

>From the Ecological Society of America, fyi, paul ---------- Forwarded message ---------- From: David Dow <ddow420(a)comcast.net> Date: Thu, Jul 19, 2012 at 7:08 PM Subject: Fwd: [ECOLOG-L] The Ecology of Natural Gas (ESA annual meeting press release) To: Patricia Matejcek Gmail <patachek3(a)gmail.com>, Alison Robb < nature(a)cape.com>, Paul Wilson <pjgrunt(a)gmail.com> *From: *Nadine Lymn <Nadine(a)ESA.ORG> *Date: *July 19, 2012 2:17:59 PM EDT * * The Ecology of Natural Gas Scientists examine process chain of natural gas, from rural extraction to urban distribution "Fracking" stories about shale gas extraction hit the news daily, fueling a growing conflagration between environmental protectionism and economic interests. Otherwise known as hydraulic fracturing, fracking has become a profitable venture thanks to advances in horizontal drilling technology, opening up large US reservoirs and vastly changing the natural gas market. Touted as a clean energy source and a bridge fuel to transition from fossil fuels, natural gas via fracking is also frought with public health and environmental concerns. A session at the upcoming annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America will look at the natural gas process chain, from extraction and processing to transport and distribution. Read the complete ESA press release: http://www.esa.org/pao/pressreleases.php?uid=121320 Nadine Lymn Director of Public Affairs Ecological Society of America 1990 M Street, NW, Suite 700 Washington DC 20036 202.833.8773 ext. 205 ---------------------------------------------- www.facebook.com/esa.org: "Like" the new ESA Facebook page, ask friends/colleagues to do the same. http://twitter.com/#!/esa_org: "Follow" ESA on Twitter. ESA eStore: Now available: "An Ecologist's Guidebook to Policy Engagement." -- Paul Wilson Sierra Club 504 Jefferson Ave Charles Town, WV 25414-1130 Phone: 304-725-4360 Cell: 304-279-1361 "There is no forward until you have gone back" ~Buddha "In all things of nature there is something of the marvelous" ~ Aristotle

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Fwd: WVNS story: Gas Utilities Seek Hikes Despite Dropping Nat Gas Prices
by Paul Wilson 18 Jul '12

18 Jul '12

fyi, paul ---------- Forwarded message ---------- From: Public News Service <wvns(a)newsservice.org> Date: Fri, Jul 13, 2012 at 3:17 AM Subject: WVNS story: Gas Utilities Seek Hikes Despite Dropping Nat Gas Prices To: PaulWilson <pjgrunt(a)gmail.com> Gas Utilities Seek Hikes Despite Dropping Nat Gas Prices Dan Heyman, Public News Service-WV http://www.publicnewsservice.org/index.php?/content/article/27421-1 Join the discussion: facebook.com/PublicNewsService<http://www.facebook.com/PublicNewsService> Twitter: @pns_news <http://twitter.com/#!/pns_news> @pns_WV<http://twitter.com/#!/pns_WV> Google+: plus.to/publicnewsservice <http://plus.google.com/106260479325451709866> (07/13/12) CHARLESTON, W. Va. – Despite record low prices for natural gas, West Virginia utilities are asking the state's Public Service Commission (PSC) to confirm sharp rate hikes. Mountaineer and Dominion Hope both want the PSC to rule in their favor on rate requests based on higher natural gas costs. Clarksburg resident Steve Perdue pays Hope about $75 a month. He says the hike seems 'weird' when, all around him, he can see the Marcellus boom that has driven natural gas prices to a near-record low. "It's overwhelmed the area, there's so much gas that they're getting. We just can't see why they would be getting rate increases when the price of their basic raw material has gone way down." According to West Virginia Affiliated Construction Trades (ACT), Dominion Hope is asking the PSC to confirm a 30 percent increase in the part of the bill that goes to pay for the gas. The company says overall, bills would only go up by 17 percent, and that the rate increase is part of a standard annual procedure for utilities to recover money for legitimate, regulated costs. However, says Perdue, a lot people can't afford the increase. "Times are pretty tough, especially for our seniors. We've got a lot of people laid off. People on fixed income and your just average working person. It's tough on a family." According to Dominion Hope, the company does not make any money from recapturing the cost of buying natural gas. But critics say that's not true for Hope's sister company. Hope used a financial hedging program to set the price it paid for gas. Through the complex financial deals, another branch of the Dominion conglomerate could have made as much as $20 million off of Hope's purchases. To Perdue, that doesn't sound right. "They're in a no-lose situation, collecting all the way around. One of their diversified companies might lose money, and they'll ask for money to recoup that loss. But on the other end, they're making the money." ACT and AARP are among the groups opposing some of the rate hikes. Click here to view this story on the Public News Service RSS site and access an audio version of this and other stories: http://www.publicnewsservice.org/index.php?/content/article/27421-1<http://www.publicnewsservice.org/index.php?/content/article/27421-1> --- To be removed from this list please send an e-mail to remove(a)publicnewsservice.org <remove(a)publicnewsservice.org?subject=remove>and put the word "remove" in the subject line. -- Paul Wilson Sierra Club 504 Jefferson Ave Charles Town, WV 25414-1130 Phone: 304-725-4360 Cell: 304-279-1361 "There is no forward until you have gone back" ~Buddha "In all things of nature there is something of the marvelous" ~ Aristotle

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beans......yeah, beans
by William V. DePaulo, Esq. 17 Jul '12

17 Jul '12

[image: The New York Times] <http://www.nytimes.com/> <http://www.nytimes.com/adx/bin/adx_click.html?type=goto&opzn&page=www.nytim…> ------------------------------ July 16, 2012 In Tiny Bean, India’s Dirt-Poor Farmers Strike Gas-Drilling Gold By GARDINER HARRIS<http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/h/gardiner_harri…> LORDI, India — Sohan Singh’s shoeless children have spent most of their lives hungry, dirty and hot. A farmer in a desert land, Mr. Singh could not afford anything better than a mud hut and a barely adequate diet for his family. But it just so happens that when the hard little bean that Mr. Singh grows is ground up, it becomes an essential ingredient for mining oil<http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/energy-environment/oil-petroleu…>and natural gas<http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/energy-environment/natural-gas/…>in a process called hydraulic fracturing. Halfway around the world, earnings are down for an oil services giant, Halliburton<http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/halliburton_company/i…>, because prices have risen for guar, the bean that Mr. Singh and his fellow farmers raise. Halliburton’s loss was, in a rather significant way, Mr. Singh’s gain — a rare victory for the littlest of the little guys in global trade. The increase in guar prices is helping to transform this part of the state of Rajasthan in northwestern India, one of the world’s poorest places. Tractor sales are soaring, land prices are increasing and weddings have grown even more colorful. “Now we have enough food, and we have a house made of stone,” Mr. Singh said proudly while his rail-thin children stared in awe. Guar, a modest bean so hard that it can crack teeth, has become an unlikely global player, and dirt-poor farmers like Mr. Singh have suddenly become a crucial link in the energy production of the United States. For centuries, farmers here used guar to feed their families and their cattle. There are better sources of nutrition, but few that grow in the Rajasthani desert, a land rich in culture but poor in rain. Broader commercial interest in guar first developed when food companies found that it absorbs water like a souped-up cornstarch, and a powdered form of the bean is now widely used to thicken ice cream and keep pastries crisp. But much more important to farmers here was the recent discovery that guar could stiffen water so much that a mixture is able to carry sand sideways into wells drilled by horizontal fracturing, also known as fracking. The fracking boom in the United States has led to a surge in natural gas production, a decline in oil imports and a gradual transition away from coal<http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/c/coal/index.h…>-fired power plants. Fracking may also have spoiled some rural water supplies and caused environmental damage in parts of the United States, but it is hard to find anyone in Rajasthan who sees fracking as anything but a blessing. “Without guar, you cannot have fracturing fluids,” said Michael J. Economides, a professor of engineering at the University of Houston who is a fracking expert. “And what everybody is worried about is that there is virtually no guar out there now.” India produces about 85 percent of the world’s guar. As worries rose about the prospects for this year’s monsoon, which is vital for an adequate crop, speculation over guar production built to a frenzy. Trading in guar futures was even suspended, and with the monsoon still behind schedule, it remains postponed. Ramesh Abhishek, India’s chief commodities market regulator, said guar trading would resume when supplies proved adequate. “If the physical market doesn’t provide enough supplies, then the futures market causes more harm than good,” Mr. Abhishek said. Now, an international effort is under way to ensure that guar supplies come closer to meeting the soaring demand, and hundreds of thousands of small farmers here have been recruited in the effort. Leading the way is Vikas WSP, an Indian company that specializes in the production of guar powders. Many farmers sold their seed stock last year when prices shot up, so Vikas has held rallies in small towns to pass out free seeds, including new high-production hybrids. The company persuaded farmers with irrigated land in the state of Punjab, north of Rajasthan, to plant guar in the spring instead of cotton. That crop is now coming to market. And Vikas signed contracts with farmers guaranteeing a return of nearly $800 per acre if they planted guar, no matter what this year’s monsoon brought. “Whatever they produce, we will buy,” said Sanjay Pareek, a Vikas vice president. Anticipating a heavy crop, Vikas is more than doubling its processing capacity by building two new plants in Jodhpur, the second-largest city in Rajasthan. By next year, the company will be able to produce 86,400 tons of guar powder each day, it said. Smaller producers are taking similar steps. “Last year was an extraordinary year,” said S. K. Sharma, managing director of Lotus Gums and Chemicals in Jodhpur. “In 35 years in this business, I’ve never seen that.” Mr. Sharma said his company would soon open a second plant dedicated entirely to serving gas companies, adding that he was cautiously optimistic that guar prices would remain robust. “But we know there are efforts to grow guar in China, Australia, California and elsewhere, and it has us worried,” he said. Despite the expanding supply, many analysts believe that guar prices will remain high for the foreseeable future. Neil Beveridge, an oil analyst at Sanford C. Bernstein & Company, said demand for fracking services should continue to grow rapidly as the industry expanded outside North America. “We’re already starting to see a big increase in Eastern Europe, Argentina, Australia, China and India itself,” he said. Susan L. Sakmar, an energy analyst in San Francisco, cautioned that the fracking boom could slow and that guar alternatives could be developed. But Mr. Economides, the Houston fracking expert, dismissed such talk. “There are no easy or cheap alternatives to guar,” he said. That is good news for guar producers. Farmers, traders and processors around Jodhpur admitted fulfilling some long-held dreams with the profits they made last year. Some took trips to Europe; some bought gold; others got married. At a Massey Ferguson tractor dealership in Jodhpur, where sales have doubled in recent years, Nathu Parjapat of Haripura was buying a tractor for his father-in-law, whose own profits from farming guar allowed him to provide a dowry of 12 grams of gold and half a kilogram of silver when Mr. Parjapat married his daughter. “So now I’m buying a tractor for him,” Mr. Parjapat said as his father-in-law stood next to him, nodding with grave approval. Mr. Singh, the farmer with the new house, said he would plant his entire field with guar this year instead of spreading his risk among other crops. His family is able to sleep on the stone roof, where a constant breeze keeps them cool. His old mud house, now occupied by goats, has a roof made of sticks that did not allow such a luxury. Mr. Singh’s sister, Issa Rathore, showed off a silver ankle bracelet and a toe ring, both bought with guar profits. But her smile quickly vanished when she was asked whether she expected a similar windfall in the coming months. She glanced at the sky, and the children around her grew hushed. “Will the monsoon be enough this year?” she asked. “Who knows?” Sruthi Gottipati contributed reporting. -- William V. DePaulo, Esq. 179 Summers Street, Suite 232 Charleston, WV 25301-2163 Tel 304-342-5588 Fax 304-342-5505 william.depaulo(a)gmail.com www.passeggiata.com

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bad water to take to rally?
by Jim Sconyers 13 Jul '12

13 Jul '12

Does anyone know where we could get well or other water that has been tainted by drilling/fracking so we could have some to take to the Stop the Frack Attack rally? The march is going to API and ANGA to give them bad water - would be cool to take some with us. -- Jim Sconyers jimscon(a)gmail.com 304.698.9628 Remember, Mother Nature bats last.

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A little-reported impact of shale gas development.
by James Kotcon 09 Jul '12

09 Jul '12

See stories of the impacts of sand mining in Wisconsin. Some of those mines are in the County where I grew up. JBK http://ecowatch.org/2012/mining-companies-invade-wisconsin-for-frac-sand/

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EC July 2012